Myth of Money and Success Essay - 1254 Words

Joshua Nooe Professor Hart RWS 200 20 October 2011 The Myth of Money and Success The American Dream is different for everyone, though it is most commonly associated with success, freedom, and happiness. The concept of the American Dream seems to have dwindled from where it was in the past few generations. It has gone from success, freedom, and happiness to having lots of money and the nicest possessions. In today’s society, we all hope and strive for this dream, but how many actually achieve the American Dream? Is it a reasonable goal that Americans should strive for, or is it a myth that only leads to self-destruction? According to Horatio Alger and Toni Cade Bambara, they both believe the concept that the American Dream†¦show more content†¦Today, as well as back in the 1800’s when the story was written, most people’s dreams are to achieve success. This formally became known as â€Å"The American Dream†. Although this may seem strange for everyone to have the same idea, it really isn’t when you look at it with an open perspective. Each and every person’s perception of success is extremely different and individual, which makes everyone’s dreams different. There may be people who strive for big goals, and there may be others who take it one day at a time, achieving happiness on a less formal level. In comparing the time period of the story to our society today, there are many similarities and differences to consider. According within the world we live today, people tend to set much higher goals and expectations for themselves, whereas, in Ragged Dick, it was more of a day-to-day type situation. When people set smaller, more realistic goals, it results in more happiness and comfort in their lifestyle. However, in today’s world, Americans have become so incredibly competitive and successful, that the standards have been significantly raised to the point where personal happiness is no longer good enough. After reading a novel like Horatio Alger’s Ragged Dick, you s ubconsciously make yourself realize the important underlying message that he is trying to portray. To me, this message is to always be optimistic, and no matter how bad your life is, it can always get better if you are honest,Show MoreRelatedThe Myth of Money and Success and That of Gender Essay1843 Words   |  8 PagesThe Myth of Money and Success and that of gender â€Å"The world we see that seems so insane is the result of a belief system that is not working. To perceive the world differently, we must be willing to change our belief system, let the past slip away, expand our sense of now, and dissolve the fear in our minds† —William James, an American philosopher and psychologist For a long time, the popular myth of success and that of gender have shapedRead MoreMoney And Success : The Myth Of Individual Opportunity By Gary Colombo Essay1661 Words   |  7 Pagesof. This means that there is plenty of competition between people chasing the same dream. In â€Å"Money and Success: The Myth of Individual Opportunity† Gary Colombo discusses how many people live in the myth of an American dream. People assume the American Dream will make them happy by having the dream job and being like everyone else. While Colombo talks about how the American dream is a myth of having money and being successful, Diana Kendall discusses in â€Å"Framing Class, Vicarious Living, and ConspicuousRead MoreThe Myth of Individualism1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe Myth of Individualism America is famous for the reputation of being the land of opportunity, and for generations immigrants have fled to the United States to experience the freedom and equality our government lays claim to. The fundamental of this reputation is the American Dream, the belief that life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each by hard working regardless of social class or circumstances of birth(by James Truslow Adams). The American DreamRead MoreClass Inequality And The American Class1407 Words   |  6 Pagescertain social status. Americans do not like to be put in a category based off of their money. Gregory Mantsios the author, explains how we view ourselves. For example, most American citizens identify themselves with work. Mantsios gives other reasons, and a solution to fix the American class labeling. Mantsios made some really good points about how Americas view word class, and made me agree with some of his myth. He also presented a weak solu tion that would go against our government to fix the problemRead MoreRagged Dick, by Hoatio Alger1532 Words   |  7 Pagesfeel as though it’s a myth as oppose to others thinking it’s great guidelines or a great blueprint to success. In a selection of the money and success chapter in â€Å"Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing†, a professor at Yale Law School, Harlon L. Dalton critiques the story of Horatio Alger â€Å"Ragged Dick† calling it a myth. Dalton says that you can’t just overlook the fact that people still are based upon race and class. The Horatio Alger myth conveys three basic messagesRead MoreTax Revenue Is The Source Of Funding For Public Education1176 Words   |  5 Pagesin wealthier communities are at an advantage over schools in economically depressed areas, where property values are much lower. Sales tax is regressive in nature, and dependent on taxpayers having enough confidence in the economy to spend their money. Sales tax is a consistent form of revenue for school funding, however the yield is inconsistent as the tax is not collected unless merchandise is purchased. Like the sales tax, the sin or sumptuary tax has an elastic yield and is only as stable asRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of EVM981 Words   |  4 Pagesbudget not over budget. The paper will highlight the examples of the real world benefits, as well as, the myths of EVM as it relates to the success of each project. Advantages and Disadvantages of EVM One of the main advantages and benefit of earned value management (EVM) process is that it can track and measure the project performance by the amount of work completed, time scheduled and money spent. One of the real-world benefits is that it can track each level of the project from the initialRead MoreMyths Are Influenced By The Founding Of America1193 Words   |  5 Pages Four popular myths are commonly associated with the founding of America. The first myths is that all of the settlers came to America, seeking religious freedom. Secondly, all of the settlers were from the middle of the English social class and brought their families with them. Thirdly, early America was created as a land where everyone had a chance to succeed and the English class system was forgotten. Lastly, that the new settlers had forgotten England’s laws and built their own unique legal systemRead MoreIntroduction to Rereading America901 Words   |  4 Pagespower of cultural myths, the editors tell that cultural myths hold people together and influence in the way we relate to others. Greek mythology is maintained by the editors to compare it with American culture. Both Greek and American culture can benefit the society but they can also restrain the society in modern life. Although both give understanding in society about how they should react, their definition of success is different. According to the editors definition of success, America is distinguishedRead MoreThe Myth Of Individual Opportunity1306 Words   |  6 PagesThe Myth of Individual Opportunity America is often referenced with the idea of the â€Å"American Dream† and the â€Å"Land of Opportunity.† For centuries, people have flocked to America in hopes of a better life and greater opportunity. However, if they are searching for equal opportunity, America is not the country that they will find it in. Success in the United States is limited to the opportunities available to the individual, and without equal distribution of opportunity, financial success is not reachable

Jainism And Buddhism Concepts Of Karma, Samsara, And One...

Jainism and Buddhism acknowledge extremely similar aspects in their respective religions. They both have a grounded belief of karma, samsara, and one of liberation. Although these basic principle are the same, they have differences within them. In this essay, it will discuss the similarities and differences between the basic beliefs and traditions regarding karma, samsara, recognition of the self, and final liberation in regards to Jain and Buddhist religions. Buddhism and Jainism both believe in the concept of karma as the force responsible for all of the suffering in existence. Both also acknowledge the absoluteness of karma and its unavoidable effect on the beings who are subject to the cycle of birth and death. But they differ in the concept of the nature of karma and how it impacts the various beings. According to the beliefs held by Jainism, karma is not only a result of a being’s actions, but a real substance that becomes attached to each jiva, or self, while it takes part in many actions throughout the course of its existence. This karma, which is made up of tiny particles, binds to the being until it is cleansed through the observation of the morals and practices of the Jain religion, including pure conduct and severe austerities. There are two types of karma within Jainism, one that is known as â€Å"harming† karmas and there is â€Å"non-harming† karmas. The karmas can be fully liberated through moksha alone . In Buddhism, as in Hinduism, karma is a consequence of one’sShow MoreRelatedJainas Will Define Samsara As The Exact Same As Buddhists1232 Words   |  5 PagesJainas will define samsara as the exact same as Buddhists, which is â€Å"a cyclic existence† of birth, death, and rebirth. However it is important to differentiate from Buddhists that for the Jains, samsara takes place in a vast but finite universe called the loka. The pressing importance of samsara in Jainism isn’t as clear as it is in Buddhism. Jains rest their belief of samsara on a clean soul (jiva), unlike direct results of karma in Buddhism. For example, the story of Mrgaputra’s plea to his parentsRead MoreJain Philosophy- Jainism1312 Words   |  5 PagesJainism is not the biggest of the Indian religions, but it is significant in todays world. Jain philosophy embodies the ideas that all beings have a soul, multiple aspects and non-attachment. Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism have signifi cant differences in their belief of the universe in regrades to karma. Understanding these differences in these religions concerning karma allows one to distinguish the individuality of Jainism from other Indian religions prominent today. As well as knowing the contrastsRead MoreDifferences and Similarities of Ancient Religions of India1042 Words   |  5 PagesHinduism, Buddhism and Jainism gained importance and popularity during a time of great religious exploration. While these religions have some similarities, they also have some distinct differences. The key to all three of these is enlightment. Let’s look at some other similarities between them. Buddhism and Jainism, originated and developed individually in the same geographical area of India with neither believing in the existence of God, but they do recognize a higher human form. All threeRead MoreJainism Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesJainism, also known as Jain Dharma, is a religion that many people in the world dont know about but is practiced by about 9 million people worldwide. With the roots of the religion coming from pre-historic India, Jainism is a dharmic religion. There is not an exact definition for the word dharma, it has several different meanings. It is used in most of the philosophies or religions originating in India, like Hinduism and Buddhism. Jainism is a very strict and intricate religion and its followersRead MoreEastern Religion Philosophy of Care1740 Words   |  7 Pageslife. Karma represents the Eastern philosophical equivalent of the Western maxim, What goes around, comes around. Release from this continuous cycle is what is meant by moks ha or, the attainment of nirvana (a place free of suffering, according to Buddhism). The Eastern religions and philosophies all give varying accounts of karma, samsara, moksha, and nirvana.This paper will examine Sikhism, Buddhism, and Hinduism, analyze their belief systems, and show how they compare and contrast with one anotherRead MoreHinduism Is The Religion Of The Majority Of Population1159 Words   |  5 Pagesscripture, and no commonly agreed set of teachings. Hinduism is not easily defined because of its many different practices and different beliefs within it. It can be compared conceptually and historically with the other Indian religions such as Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism (BBC). Throughout its history, many of the key figures within the religion have taught different philosophies and wrote a numerous amount of holy books. Because of these reasons, writers often refer to Hinduism as a way of lifeRead MoreHinduism Jainism and Buddhism3092 Words   |  13 Pagesenligh tenment can only be achieved by going through cycles of birth, life and death known as samsara. Ones progress towards enlightenment is measured by his karma. This is the accumulation of all ones good and bad deeds and this determines the persons next reincarnation. Selfless acts and thoughts as well as devotion to God help one to be reborn at a higher level. Bad acts and thoughts will cause one to be born at a lower level, as a person or even an animal. 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This knowledge can be obtained by analyzing the scriptures and religious teachings that shows the methods to reach the goal in life. The two religion that seems more relevant studying Indian Sub-continent religions are Brahmanism and Buddhism. In both of theRead MoreHinduism Religion759 Words   |  4 Pagesthe traditional religion of India. Sanatan Dharma is one of the oldest religions known to mankind and Hinduisms religion is still in practice today. The spiritual expressions of Sanatana Dharma range from extreme asceticism to the extreme sensuality, from the heights of personal devotion to a deity to the heights of abstract philosophy (Fisher, M.P., 2005). Hinduism have been able to hold itself together for several years; Hinduism is still one of the major religions in the world, so, the factor

Duck Farming free essay sample

How to Raise Ducks †¦ 1 2. Advantages of Raising Ducks There are several reasons why Filipino farmers should raise ducks in their farms or backyards. Consider the following: Good source of protein. Duck raising provides meat and eggs for the family. Duck eggs are nutritious and provide needed protein for the family. Duck meat can be cooked in even more ways than chicken and is an excellent addition to the family diet. More economical. A farm family will have a daily supply of eggs, and you will be able to sell any surplus eggs for additional income. More practical. Duck raising is more practical for a small backyard project than raising chickens. Ducks are productive for a longer period of time than chickens. You will need to replace your layers only once every 18 months in order to keep production high. This means saving on the cost of replacement stock. Generally, you have to replace your laying flock only twice every three years. Don’t require elaborate pens. The birds do not require any elaborate housing with a multitude of windows, dropping-boards, perches, and nest boxes. Generally, you can keep in ducks in simple sheds at night and let them loose during the day. Rarely affected with diseases. Ducks are very rarely afflicted with coccidiosis, and when this disease strikes, its effects are not as bad as on chickens. The ducks are also not as frequently affected by such fowl diseases as fowl pest and bacillary white diarrhea. Require little labor. Ducks lay their eggs at night or early in the morning, so eggs can be collected in the morning before letting the ducks loose to range during the day. How to Raise Ducks †¦ 2 3. Popular Breeds of Ducks There are several breeds of ducks raised in the country. The Philippine duck (Pateros), the Khaki Campbell, and the Indian Runner are excellent egglayers. For meat production, raise either Peking or Muscovy. There is little purebred breeding stock available in the Philippines and most of the ducks a farmer will be able to purchase will be ducks that are crossed or upgraded. The Philippine Duck This is the most common breed of duck being raised in the country, thus its name. Most Filipinos call it â€Å"itik† or Pateros duck. This breed is a good layer but is a non-sitter. Its plumage is either black, brown, or gray or various color combinations. The average weight of this duck is 1. 5 kilograms; the drake, or male, is 1. 75 kilgrams. Egg production rate, is 175 per laying year. The Khaki Campbell Duck Originally from England, this a cross between the Fawn and White Runner, the Roven, and Mallard ducks. It was introduced here in 1956 by the Bureau of Animal Industry. The males have brownish-bronze lower backs, tail coverts, head, and neck; the rest of the plumage is dull brown. The bill is green and the legs and toes, dark-orange. The female has a seal-brown head and neck, the rest of the feathers and dull brown. The adult duck weighs 1. 80 kilograms, the drakes, 2. 10 kilograms. This breed is a good layer: it lays as many as 300 eggs per laying year. The eggs are fairly large, thick-shelled, and weigh about 70 to 75 grams each. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 3 The Indian Runner Duck This is from the East Indies, but its egg-producing capabilities were developed in Europe. It is classified into three recognized varieties: Pencilled, White, and Fawn-and-White. However, these varieties have one thing in common: their feet and shanks are either orange or reddish orange. Generally, the Indian Runner duck is a small, hard-feathered duck with an upright carriage and active habits. Its body is elongated and somewhat cylindrical; the legs are set very far back. The adult duck weighs about 1. 80 kilograms; the drake, 2. 10 kilograms. Egg production rate is 225 per laying year. The Peking Duck A native of China, this duck was improved in North America and Europe. It has a white body and orange bill, legs and feet. The Peking duck has a large, round head; its body is broad, of medium length and without any indication of keel, except a little between the legs. Peking ducks grow twice as fast as chickens. A bird can weigh 2. 50 kilograms in seven to eight weeks. They are also hardy and resistant to most diseases. The main problem with the Peking duck is its low hatchability. At one time this breed was very popular in the Philippines, but it lost much of its popularity because of low hatchability. Its egg production rate is only 200 per laying year. The Moscovy Duck This duck is sometimes mistaken for a goose. It is a grazer, eating grass and laying eggs just like a goose. This is a common duck in Central and South America and the West Indies. A native of Brazil, it is now very popular around the world – even in Australia. In the Philippines, it is now called â€Å"pato. † Like the itik, it requires minimal care and feed and can fend for itself. However, here is a word of caution: The Muscovy duck is armed with very long and sharp talon-like claws that could open up your wrist or hand. If a raiser must handle this bird, he should grasp it firmly by the wings where they join the body, and by the neck. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 4 He needs to keep out of the way of its claws. The adult duck weights about 2. 30 kilograms; the drake, 4. 60 kilograms. Egg production is 125 per laying year. The Muscovy is an excellent mother and can be used to hatch eggs of other egg-type ducks. The young Muscovy are excellent for food, but the older birds have a â€Å"musty† taste. Muscovy ducks should be raised in areas where the food supply is limited and where duck technology is not well developed because the Muscovy is the hardiest of all farm poultry. How To Raise Ducks 5 4. Selecting the Right Breed Two Classes of Ducks There are two classes of ducks which farmers can raise: egg class and meat class. In the Philippines most ducks are raised for eggs which are consumed by the family or made into balut and penoy. Balut – a hard-cooked 18-day incubated duck egg – is regarded as a delicacy by most Filipinos. Salted eggs – known as maalat or itlog na pula – are also very popular. Meat class ducks, also known as green ducks, are raised commercially only on a limited scale, but with the introduction of the Peking duck in the Philippines the meat class ducks are becoming more popular. The first thing you must do in duck raising is to select the right breed to raise. As on expert puts it: â€Å"Choosing an appropriate breed will play an important role in the success and failure of the duck project. † Unfortunately novices often assume that a duck is a duck, and just acquire the first web-footed, quacking bird they find. This mistake frequently results in expensive eggs or meat, problems, and a discouraged duck raiser. Investing a little time at the outset in acquainting yourself with the basic characteristic attributes and weaknesses of the various breeds will go a long way toward eliminating unnecessary disappointments. The following questions will help you identify the needed features of birds for your flock: Purpose. What is your main purpose for raising ducks? Is it for eggs, meat, feathers, or a combination of these factors? How To Raise Ducks †¦ 6 Location. Where are you located? Some breeds are noisier than others, a fact which you should take into consideration when neighbors are nearby. Noisy breeds also attract predators. Management. How are you going to manage the flock? Will you confine it to a small pen or allow it to roam in a large area? Availability. What breeds are available in your locality? Some breeds are rare, making them more expensive and difficult to attain. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 7 5. Buying and Managing Ducks Buy breeding stock from reliable duck raisers in your locality. Start with day-old ducklings. But be sure to buy those birds which have the following characteristics: steady legs alert eyes healthy-looking down feathers no physical defects Do not buy ducklings which seem to be â€Å"sleepy. † If you are buying ducklings for egg production, try to purchase from a farmer who has a good egg production from his flock. Sexing Ducklings Separate the males from the females right after you get them from the seller. Male ducklings, unlike day-old chickens, possess a well-developed copulatory organ or penis. To determine the sex, place the ducklings on the palm of the left hand upside down, with the abdomen facing the sexer. Press the thumb of that hand on the abdominal region near the vent with the forefinger resting at the base of the tail. Now, with the right hand middle and forefinger press the tail backward while the thumb of the right hand is used to stretch the vent, thus everting the cloaca. In the male, a tiny projection of the sex organ (which looks the tip of a ballpoint pen) is exposed to view; in the females this is absent. The distinguishing mark will appear only when the technique is right. (See illustration on next page. ) How To Raise Ducks †¦ 8 SEXING DUCKLINGS How To Raise Ducks †¦ 8A Critical Periods The most critical period in the life of ducklings is the first three weeks. The ducklings are very nervous during this period. A slight disturbance would cause them to stampede and crowd in a corner thus resulting in the death of the weaker ones. It is, therefore, important to approach them with care during this period. Unnecessary disturbance must be avoided. When your ducklings show signs of sickness, give them a solution of three tablespoons of Noxal in one gallon of water for two to three days. Withdraw medication for three days, then give it again for another three days. Terramycin can also be used. Simply follow the instructions on the drug package. To prevent avian pest, immunize your ducklings with avian pest vaccine which is obtainable from the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI). How To Raise Ducks †¦ 9 6. Brooding Brooding is the process of providing ducklings with outside heat to assist them in maintaining their body temperature. Egg class ducks like the Philippine duck, the Khaki Campbell, and the Indian Runner are non-sitters, thus, it is necessary for the ducklings to be brooded artificially or to use a mother hen or Muscovy duck. Two Systems of Artificial Brooding There are two systems of brooding ducklings artificially: litter floor brooding and wire or slat floor brooding. The former is used in large pen brooding. Litter is the material placed on top of concrete or dirt floors of duck pens. Common litter materials used are rice hulls, wood shavings, chopped rice straw, ground corn cobs, and other similar materials. These are spread on the floor of the brooding pen, and the ducklings are kept on the floor of the pen. Wire or slat floor brooding could be a whole pen, a cage, or a battery brooder. This is different from the litter system because its floor is not covered with litter materials. However, during the first few days, the slat or wire floor is lined with paper or other similar materials to conserve heat and to provide a feeding area right where the ducklings would stay. Construct a simple shed-type house to be used as a brooder. It should be draft-free and keep the ducklings warm and dry at all times. It should also protect them from predators and the elements. Proper ventilation is essential in brooding. However proper ventilation does not mean exposing ducklings to rain and strong winds. In a brooder house with wire mesh or slat walls, provide curtains made of empty sacks or burlap at the sides of the house. Empty feed bags will serve this purpose. You may raise or lower the curtains depending on weather conditions. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 10 Natural Brooding The oldest brooder, still used particularly in most backyards, is the mother hen and/or Muscovy duck. These furnish from their bodies the additional heat needed by the ducklings. This method, which is rarely used in commercial-scale production, is the natural way of brooding ducklings and is most practical for the backyard producer. But in all commercial duck farms, the Muscovy duck has been replaced by artificial brooders. While a Muscovy duck can brood at most only about 15 ducklings, artificial brooders can be used for hundreds of ducklings at a time. Today, there are many types of artificial brooders. They vary in design, fuel used to supply heat, and size. Some brooders can accommodate 50 ducklings while others can brood as many as several thousand at a time. Classification of Brooders Gapuz (1973) classified brooders according to source of heat: Electricity: This is the most common source of heat in brooders. Incandescent bulbs with or without hovers are generally used. A 50-watt bulb raised about 6 inches from the brooder floor can give enough heat for 50 ducklings. You can use an aluminum basin as a hover. The hover directs the heat and reflects the light to the ducklings. The electric heater-type brooder uses a resistant coil built with a hover. Heat is generated in the resistant coil. A thermostat automatically regulates brooder temperature. A recent development in artificial brooders is the use of infrared electric bulbs. The infrared brooder consists of 4 large heat bulbs mounted on a disc about a foot in diameter. This is hung from the ceiling and the rays from the bulbs warm the ducklings. A thermostat automatically puts off two bulbs at a time when the desired temperature is reached. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 11 BROODING DUCKLINGS How To Raise Ducks †¦ 11A Since it has no hover, the infrared heater has the advantage of being light and moveable. Also you can easily observe dead ducklings, trampling, and other behavior of ducklings even from outside the brooding pens. This method is not very popular, however, because of the very high cost of infrared bulbs. Kerosene: If there is no electricity in your place, you can use kerosene lamps as the source of heat. You can easily brood 30 or more ducklings with an ordinary kerosene lamp with a glass casing. The temperature can be raised or lowered by adjusting the wick. There are commercially manufactured kerosene brooders equipped with supply tank, thermostat, and hover. When you use kerosene brooders, be sure that the brooding pen is adequately ventilated. You will notice that in commercially manufactured brooders, there are holes on the hover directly above the flame. These holes allow carbon monoxide fumes to escape. A large amount of these fumes inside the brooder is very harmful to ducklings. Watch out, too, for tanks that leak and for spilled kerosene. The open flame in this type of brooder is a fire hazard especially if you practice litter-floor brooding. Charcoal or Wood and Rice Hulls: In places where electricity or kerosene is expensive or not readily available, you can improvise a heater or stove out of a can, charcoal or wood, and rice hulls. This is how you make this heater: Get a large empty kerosene or paint can and punch small holes around it. Hang the can about 8 inches from the floor. Put burning charcoal or wood inside and gradually add rice hulls until the can is full. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 12 Be sure, however, that ducklings have enough space in which to draw away in case the can becomes too hot. This type of brooder requires a lot of work. Also, there is the risk that burning may drop to the floor and start a fire. Because of this danger, charcoal heaters are not recommended for use in littered pens. When brooding ducklings, the temperature should be 95 degrees Fahrenheit in the first week, 85 degrees Fahrenheit in the second week, 75 degrees Fahrenheit in the third week, and 70 degrees Fahrenheit in the succeeding weeks. The behavior of the ducklings is a good indicator or whether the brooding temperature is right. They huddle close together when the temperature is low; they scatter or spread out when it is too hot. If you’re having trouble deciding how much floor space to allow for each duckling in the brooder, Table 2 will help you. TABLE 2 Recommended Minimum Floor Space per Duckling in the Brooder Age (in weeks) Day-old to one 1-2 2-3 3-4 Floor space per bird (in sq. meters) 0. 03 0. 05 0. 07 0. 09 Source: The Philippines recommends for Duck Raising 1977. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 13 7. Housing and Other Facilities Site Selection Although raising ducks near bodies of fresh water like creeks, rivers, lakes, or irrigation canals is ideal because of the natural food that is available, it’s not a requisite. Duck raising experts say that the bird only expends more energy (and, consequently, requires more nourishment) in swimming. Moreover, bodies of water are susceptible to pollution. The Duck House Build duck houses using easily available and cheap materials such as bamboo, ipil-ipil, kakawate, coconut wood, nipa shingles, cogon or talahib. Construct a one-compartment shed with only the front side open. This side may face the body of water in your area and serve as the entrance for the flock and its caretaker. Fence an open area in front of the shed to serve as the flock’s feeding – playing space. If you do not have a body of water, you may provide clay or plastic water tubs or concrete ponds for the ducks to swim or wade in. In you’d prefer the latter, it should measure about 10 by 8 feet, with water two feet deep, for a flock of about 50 ducks. Elevate the floor of the shed at least 15 centimeters higher than the level of the ground in the feeding area, then cover it with a 10-centimeter layer of rice hull litter. Always keep the litter dry and replace it as often as possible. Old hulls can be composted and used as fertilizer for your farm or garden. Ducks should be housed in groups based on age to facilitate management and to avoid the quarrels common among ducks of different ages. Old ducks tend to bully out young ones from feeding troughs. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 14 DUCK FIXTURES How To Raise Ducks †¦ 14A Fixtures The following fixtures are needed in raising ducks: Nests: Ducks make temporary nests in the litter and nest boxes are not essential; however, to produce cleaner eggs they may be provided with simple communal nests along the wall. Muscovy ducks particularly should be provided with nests. Watering Troughs: It is recommended that watering troughs be placed above wire flooring or screen-drained (putting screen above the ground level) if placed inside the house. This is to prevent the floor from becoming wet. It is recommended that water be made available at all times. Waterers should be near the feed trough as the ducks have the habit of gulping the feed and running to the waterer to wash the feed down their crop. Feeding Troughs: There are various kinds of feeders. Select the kind that will best suit your purpose. The design should be adapted to the housing need. The construction should avoid wastage of feed. You can make feeding troughs of bamboo. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 15 8. Feeds and Feeding The primary function of feed is to help maintain life. The feed that is supplied – whether it be vegetable, animal or mineral in origin – is transformed into something useful to the body. In other words, the feed must be able to supply materials needed for the manufacture of the different tissues and organs of the body of the ducks, as well as those for building up energy needed in the proper functioning of the different organs concerned in the complicated processes of living. In addition, there should be excess materials so that the ducks can reproduce. Because no one feed can supply all of these materials in the proper amount and proportion, a number of feeds are combined so that whatever deficiencies one may have can be supplied by others. The Nutrients The constituents of feeds that are needed by ducks are called nutrients. These are (1) water, (2) carbohydrates, (3) protein, (4) minerals, and (5) vitamins. Water: An abundant supply of water is essential for maximum egg production and growth. Lack of water affects digestion and feed efficiency. When water supply is deficient or irregularly given, egg production goes down immediately. Water softens feed and aids in the digestion, absorption, and transport of feed nutrients. It cools the body and equalizes body temperature. Carbohydrates: These constitute the bulk of poultry feeds. They are the energy source which is essential to supply body heat. All of kinds of feedstuff rich in starch, sugar, and fat are good sources of carbohydrates. The principal sources of energy for feeding ducks are grains or cereals of all kinds. For example, corn and its by-products, rice and its by-products, and sorghum. Fats and oils from both animal and plant sources are concentrated sources of energy. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 16 Protein: Second in bulk among the nutrients for duck feeding, it is essential for building of body tissues. It is very important for both growth and reproduction. Minerals: This group of nutrients is essential to growth and reproduction. Bone formation is impossible without minerals. Eggs will be laid without any shell in the absence of calcium. The minerals needed by poultry are calcium, chloride, iron, sodium, iodine, copper, sulfur, zinc, manganese magnesium, selenium, molybdenum, and fluorine. Of these minerals, only calcium and phosphorus are needed in large amounts, and they must be supplied in concentrate form in the diet. Vitamins: These are food nutrients needed in very small quantities but essential to life. They are grouped into the fat soluble and the water-soluble one. The former is represented by vitamins A, D, E and K. The latter group includes all the vitamin B-complex such as thiamin or vitamin B-1, riboflavin, niacin, (nicotinic acid) pyridoxine (vitamin B6), pantothenic acid, inositol, folic acid, biotin, choline, and vitamin B12. Feeding Practices For backyard duck raising, feed your day-old ducklings with moistened cooked rice to five times in 24 hours for three weeks. Starting on the fifth day, include finely mashed Golden Apple snails in the ration. Increase the quantity of rice as the ducklings grow older. Be sure to provide clean water in the troughs every day. You can also feed your ducklings with a recommended starter ration. Starting on the second month, give the birds tiny snails. Then gradually mix rice bran in the ration until the ducks reach laying age. If the eggs are intended for balut or hatching, place drakes (males) with the layers. Many duck raisers give their ducks concentrate feed ration in mash form. While concentrate feed rations are good for your ducks, they are rather expensive and not recommended for backyard duck raising. Mash is a feed mixture containing ingredients in ground form. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 17 It contains a specified amount of protein and the ingredients are concentrate feedstuffs. They contain all the food nutrients in proper amount and proportion to meet the specific requirement of different classes of ducks. Commercial brands of mashes differ in some ingredients and in the proportion of ingredients. Ration In duck raising, the word ration refers to composition of daily diet of the fowls. There are rations for a number of purposes, such as laying, starting, growing and fattening. The ration should be adapted to the purpose in view; otherwise, there will be unnecessary waste of nutrients. For instance, laying rations should contain more protein. The starting ration may be about the same as laying ration, but the fattening ration differs from either of these in that it is composed largely of carbohydrates and fats. You need to give your ducks a balanced ration †¦ one that furnishes the nutrients in a proportion that will properly and without waste or excess of the nutrients, feed a flock of fowl for a certain length of time. Feeding is very important in raising ducks. It is necessary that a raiser must be familiar with the common feed ingredients that supply each nutrient. Below are the common feed ingredients which can be secured locally. 1. Sources of carbohydrates and fats (energy) a. Rice bran – The composition of rice bran varies according to its kind and quality. The good quality fine rice bran contains about 11 percent protein. It can be a good source of energy. It is usually high in fiber but contains an adequate amount of fat. b. Ground corn – There are two common varieties for feeds: the yellow and the white. Both contain the same amount of energy and protein. The yellow corn, however, contains carotene (pro-vitamin A) which is the precursor or forerunner of vitamin A. This is why some duck raisers prefer or demand yellow corn The ground corn has a crude protein content of 8. 9 per cent. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 18 c. Copra meal – This is the by-product of coconut meat after the oil is extracted. It contains an adequate amount of carbohydrates but is used for its proteins. It has about 21 percent crude protein but is low in the amino acid methionine. 2. Sources of protein a. Fish meal – This is a good source of high-quality protein. On the average, a good fish meal contains 60 to 65 percent protein. It also contains an adequate amount of carbohydrates and fats. The value of fish meal depends upon the amount of protein in it. b. Soybean oil meal – This contains about 44 percent crude protein and is also a good source of energy. This is the only plant protein source that can replace animal protein in the diet of ducks. c. Shrimp meal – This is another good source of protein. It contains about 56 percent crude protein but is low in energy. It may be used as a substitute for fish meal. d. Ipil-ipil leaf meal – This is very common in the country and is considered â€Å"the alfalfa of the Philippines. † It contains about 21 percent protein and is a good source of Vitamin A. e. Snails – An excellent source of protein. It also contains almost all nutrients that ducks need. For further information about snails, read the next chapter. 3. Source of Usually Added Minerals a. Oyster shells and limestone – These two products are good sources of calcium for ducks. b. Bone Meal and rock phosphate – These are the most widely used sources of phosphorus for duck feeding. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 19 c. Salt – Common table salt (sodium chloride) is the most common source of sodium and chloride for poultry. Be sure that the proper amount of salt is given to the fowls. Too much salt is dangerous to them. 4. Vitamin Supplements Vitamin-mineral and antibiotic feed supplements are available in concentrate forms commercially. Compounding of feeds: The most common duck feed ingredients in the country are ground corn, rice bran, copra meal, soybean oil meal, fish meal, ipil-ipil leaf meal, oyster shell powder, bone meal and common table salt. With these feedstuffs you can compound a feed for different classes of birds (ducklings, growing ducks, and layers). In the same way that a carpenter must have a plan before constructing a house, you must have a feed formula before mixing a feed. Formulas are computed so that proper amounts of protein, vitamins, and minerals are included for maximum growth and production. The success of your project greatly depends on the quality of feed you give to your ducks. Tables 3, 4, and 5 are feed formulas recommended by the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) for starter ration, grower ration, and layer ration. TABLE 3. Starter ration (To be given when ducks are 1 day to 6 weeks old). Ingredients Ground corn Rice bran, first class Copra meal Soybean oil meal, 44% Fish meal, 50% Ipil-ipil leaf meal Oyster shell powder Bone meal Salt How To Raise Ducks †¦ Volume (kilograms) 40 15 4. 5 20 10 5 1 1 0. 5 20 TABLE 4. Grower ration (To be given when ducks are 6 weeks old and above). Ingredients Ground corn Rice bran, first class Copra meal Soybean oil meal, 44% Fish meal, 50% Dried whey Ipil-ipil leaf meal Oyster shell powder Bone meal Salt Volume (in kilograms) 45 15 4. 5 15 10 2 5 2 1 0. 5 TABLE 5. Layer ration Ingredients Ground corn Rice bran Soybean oil meal Copra meal Fish meal Ipil-ipil leaf meal Oyster shell powder Bone meal Salt Volume (in kilograms) 40 20 10 10 7. 5 5 4 1 0. 5 In addition to these mixed feeds, you can also feed your ducks plenty of chopped green leaves like kangkong, camote, and cassava. Give each duck at least 10 grams of chopped green leaves every day. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 21 Ducks can also be fed with fresh Golden Apple snails. Studies at the MBRLC show that Golden Apple snails in the ducks’ diet help increase egg production. Read Chapter 9 for a ration using snails. For a complete, all purpose feed for your ducks, the MBRLC recommends the following ration: TABLE 7. All purpose feed ration. Ingredients Binlid Tiki-tiki, first class Ipil-ipil leaf meal Soybean oil meal Copra meal Meat and bone meal Shell powder (lime) Salt Afsillin Volume (in kilograms) 30 34 4 15 8 7 2 0. 50 0. 25 You can modify this formula by substituting some of its ingredients with locally available feeds such as chopped kangkong, crushed snails and grated coconut. You can substitute kangkong for ipil-ipil and soybean oil meal, grated coconut for copra meal, snails for meat and bone meal or fish meal and shell powder. You can also reduce feed costs by practicing field pasturing. This involves bringing laying flocks to fields where rice has just been harvested and letting the ducks loose to feed on fallen rice grain, grass seed, snails, and insects. Depending on the length of the rice harvest, the ducks may stay on pasture for as long as one month. A raiser may keep transferring his birds from one harvested area to another. He can drive the ducks into improvised enclosures at night. In the morning he can gather the eggs before driving the flocks back to the fields. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 22 9. The Importance of Snails in Duck Raising Duck raising is often located along bodies of fresh water because snails are readily available. In places where snails are plentiful, the feeding of ducks is very simple. Snails contain almost all the nutrients that ducks need. Snail meat provides protein and its fat gives energy. The shell contains calcium, phosphorus, vitamins, and minerals. Ducks fed with good quality snails have a very high egg production rate. A problem that has plagued duck raisers even in the old days is the scarcity of snails at certain times of the year, particularly during the rainy season. On rainy days, the water becomes cloudy and rises to a level that makes gathering snails virtually impossible. Snails gathered at this time are generally of poor quality; the gatherer also gets a lot of empty or dead snails. When fed to ducks, dead snails could cause effects similar to poisoning. In the past, the raisers were confident that they could recover their losses once they got over the scarce period, which did not last for more than three months. 1) The big demand for balut and red salted eggs has encouraged more people to raise ducks for eggs and meat. The increase in the duck population has contributed to a much larger demand for snails. 2) Many rivers, streams and lakes have been heavily polluted by the residues of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, industrial wastes and waste of people who reside beside these bodies of water. 3) The proliferation of fishpens in lakes and rivers has reduced the snailgathering areas and disturbed the ecology of these bodies of water. 4) Siltation, the occasional inflow of salt water from the seas and the presence of other aquatic animals have contributed to the reduction of the natural snail population. How To Raise Ducks †¦ 23 The introduction of the Golden Apple snail in the country in 1984 was very much welcomed by the duck raisers. A study was made by the Asian Rural Development Foundation to determine if this kind of snail can increase the egg production of ducks. We are feeding our ducks with this formula: crushed Golden Apple snail plus rice bran mixed with broken corn at ratio of one part snail, one part rice bran and one part corn. Some green leaves like kangkong and leguminous cover crops are given at free access. Preliminary results show that these ducks give 60 to 70 percent egg production which are of high quality. For further information about raising Golden Apple snails, turn to Chapter 15. RAISING SNAILS FOR DUCKS How To Raise Ducks †¦ 24 10. Mating Laying Ducks The selection of ducks fo

Ultimate Tips on Writing Lab Reports

Lab reports are an important part of all laboratory courses, including Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Natural Science, and usually a significant part of your grade. A lab report is your chance to show what you did in your experiment, what you learned and what the results meant. When preparing a report, it is always important to be attentive to the requirements and guidelines as they may vary greatly. Some instructors require to include lab reports into the lab notebook, while others ask to prepare the separate reports. There may be some differences in format and writing style. However, there are universal guidelines for scientific writing, and you need to make sure that your report follows them. Lab Report Essentials 1. Title The title should be brief and describe the main point of your investigation. Aim for less than 10 words. 2. Abstract In about 100 or 200 words, summarize the purpose of your lab report and major conclusions. 3. Introduction Provide background information and explain the objectives of the lab. In other words, say why you did the experiment. Keep it short! 4. Methods and materials List the materials and methods used but dont overwhelm the reader with details. 5. Results Summarize the important data from the experiment, describe what they mean. 6. Discussions Compare expected results with actual results, explain the results in terms of the purpose, suggest how the they could be improved. 7. References Include a reference list if it is required. General Tips on Writing In scientific writing, it is important to follow the specific rules to make sure that your report presents data and outcomes in a clear and persuasive way. 1. Be concise. You need to say as much as needed while using as few words as possible. A lab report is not an essay, it should be concise, straightforward and to the point. Avoid repetitions and unnecessary details. 2. Write in the third person. When youre describing an experimental procedure, dont use the words â€Å"I,† â€Å"we,† â€Å"my.† This may be a bit difficult to get used to, so pay special attention to the wording in your lab report. 3. Use correct verb tenses. It can be difficult to decide which tense (present or past )to use in your report. When describing the experiment, you need to use the past tense, as it has already been conducted. When you are talking about the equipment, theory or report that still exist, use the present tense. 4. Write about the real results. Resist the temptation to lie about the results in your lab report. Write about what really happened and not what should have happened. If something went wrong, it would be a great idea to suggest some ways to improve the work in future. 5. Dont copy the lab manual. A manual can be a helpful guideline when you need to explain the purpose of your experiment. However, it is essential to use your own words when describing the results. When the report is written, reread it, watching specially for lack of precision. Make sure you have enough time to edit and proofread your work thoroughly.